What non-Google Ads data is used to model store visits?

Interaction with a location extension or affiliate location extension
Interaction with an online ad then a visit to the physical store location
GPS, Wi-Fi, and network data from hundreds of millions of opted-in, signed-in users
Third party vendors that provide data from hundreds of millions of opted-in, signed-in users

The correct answer is:

GPS, Wi-Fi, and network data from hundreds of millions of opted-in, signed-in users.